8- 11Ĭurrent treatment options aimed at reducing fear and PTSD symptoms include the use of various pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions however, up to 40% of patients exhibit only partial long-term benefit and a majority fail to achieve complete remission. 4- 7 Fear-related disorders are distinctly heterogeneous, and with a lifetime prevalence of up to 28%, they represent the most common psychiatric disorders that affect the western world, and are consequently associated with a large economic burden. 3 The main characteristics associated with fear-related disorders, including phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and others, are excessive fear reactions, often triggered by specific objects, situations or internal and external cues in the absence of any real threat or danger. 1, 2 In pathological fear, the fear/trauma stimuli trigger an inappropriate response occurring with an intensity to cause distress and functional impairment. Finally, we discuss the potential of miRNAs as biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets, as well as the challenges involved in applying the discovered mechanisms in the development of improved treatments of fear- and trauma-related disorders.įear is defined as the physiological and behavioral response to specific stimuli triggered by the actual presence of a threat. For a better overview, we dissociate the different modes of fear alleviation investigated in this regard and present studies in rodents demonstrating that specific miRNAs are involved in the destabilization of fear by interfering with consolidation/reconsolidation mechanisms or that they are associated with the generation of fear extinction or safety learning. After providing an updated overview on the involvement of miRNAs in fear learning mechanisms, we summarize and discuss in particular those studies in which the implication of miRNAs in successful inhibition of fear has been explored. Along these lines, abnormal expression of miRNAs has been associated with different fear-related disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNA) as “fine tuners” of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level have emerged as critical regulators of such mechanisms important in both, the generation and the inhibition of fear memories. Research has aimed to elucidate brain circuitries, neurotransmitters and downstream signaling pathways important in the alleviation of aberrant fear, with a specific focus on mechanisms modulating fear memory and its behavioral expression. Dysfunctional fear processing is common in these disorders, including a deficiency in fear-inhibitory mechanisms and impairment in the ability to discriminate between safety and danger cues. #DEFINE PATHOLOGICAL FEAR FULL#Send us feedback.The current treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), phobias and other anxiety disorders, remains insufficient particularly in producing long-lasting full symptom control. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'pathological.' Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Hannah Zeavin, Harper’s Magazine , 22 June 2022 See More 2022 When justice is sought in the wake of a scam, skepticism is positioned as the norm, while gullibility is treated as a maladaptive, pathological, deviant form of socioeconomic being. Sheri Linden, The Hollywood Reporter, 16 June 2022 In comparison, Alice’s fascination with the Artist seems pathological. Kelly Allen, House Beautiful, 8 July 2022 As the garrulous toddler turns into a petulant adolescent, Brian’s protectiveness toward Charles, who longs for adventure - Hawaii, glimpsed on the TV, really grabs him - is reasonable, not pathological. 2021 Each one is like a beloved child: unique and the product of a sometimes pathological level of love and care. 2022 In recent years, there has been a move to embrace neurodiversity in the workplace, or valuing that there are normal, non- pathological variations in mental functioning.įorbes, 26 Oct. 2022 Nothing pathological in them, with rare exceptions.ī, 29 Apr. 2022 Paleopathology, or the study of pathological conditions found in ancient human and animal remains, is growing as scientists across different disciplines work together to understand the lives of dinosaurs.Īshley Strickland, CNN, 10 Feb. Recent Examples on the Web Here, more explicitly than in her portrait of Ray, Aviv joins an existing discourse about psychopharmacology, raising by now familiar concerns about the overmedication of Americans, and the impulse to treat regular human unhappiness as pathological.
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